8.4.3. Diode Recovery Time¶
#r# This example illustrates the diode recovery time and the capacitive behaviour of a PN junction.
# Fixme: Split the plots ? Add some explanations at the end
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import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
####################################################################################################
import PySpice.Logging.Logging as Logging
logger = Logging.setup_logging()
####################################################################################################
from PySpice.Doc.ExampleTools import find_libraries
from PySpice.Probe.Plot import plot
from PySpice.Spice.Library import SpiceLibrary
from PySpice.Spice.Netlist import Circuit
from PySpice.Unit import *
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libraries_path = find_libraries()
spice_library = SpiceLibrary(libraries_path)
####################################################################################################
#r# Let define some parameters
dc_offset = 1@u_V
ac_amplitude = 100@u_mV
####################################################################################################
#r# We will first compute some quiescent points and the corresponding dynamic resistance.
#f# circuit_macros('diode-characteristic-curve-circuit.m4')
#r# Since this circuit is equivalent to a voltage divider, we can write the following relation :
#r#
#r# .. math::
#r#
#r# V_{out} = \frac{Z_d}{R_1 + Z_d} V_{in}
#r#
#r# where :math:`Z_d` is the diode impedance.
circuit = Circuit('Diode')
circuit.include(spice_library['BAV21'])
# Fixme: Xyce: Device model BAV21: Illegal parameter(s) given for level 1 diode: IKF
source = circuit.V('input', 'in', circuit.gnd, dc_offset)
circuit.R(1, 'in', 'out', 1@u_kΩ)
circuit.D('1', 'out', circuit.gnd, model='BAV21')
quiescent_points = []
for voltage in (dc_offset - ac_amplitude, dc_offset, dc_offset + ac_amplitude):
source.dc_value = voltage
simulator = circuit.simulator(temperature=25, nominal_temperature=25)
analysis = simulator.operating_point()
# Fixme: handle unit
quiescent_voltage = float(analysis.out)
quiescent_current = - float(analysis.Vinput)
quiescent_points.append(dict(voltage=voltage,
quiescent_voltage=quiescent_voltage,
quiescent_current=quiescent_current))
print("Quiescent Point {:.1f} mV {:.1f} mA".format(quiescent_voltage*1e3, quiescent_current*1e3))
#o#
dynamic_resistance = ((quiescent_points[ 0]['quiescent_voltage'] -
quiescent_points[-1]['quiescent_voltage'])
/
(quiescent_points[ 0]['quiescent_current'] -
quiescent_points[-1]['quiescent_current']))
#?# print("Dynamic Resistance = {:.1f} Ω".format(dynamic_resistance))
#?# #o#
#r# We found a dynamic resistance of @<@dynamic_resistance:.1f@>@ Ω.
####################################################################################################
#r#
#r# We will now drive the diode with a sinusoidal source and perform an AC analysis.
#f# circuit_macros('diode-characteristic-curve-circuit-ac.m4')
circuit = Circuit('Diode')
circuit.include(spice_library['BAV21'])
circuit.SinusoidalVoltageSource('input', 'in', circuit.gnd,
dc_offset=dc_offset, offset=dc_offset,
amplitude=ac_amplitude)
R = circuit.R(1, 'in', 'out', 1@u_kΩ)
circuit.D('1', 'out', circuit.gnd, model='BAV21')
simulator = circuit.simulator(temperature=25, nominal_temperature=25)
analysis = simulator.ac(start_frequency=10@u_kHz, stop_frequency=1@u_GHz, number_of_points=10, variation='dec')
#r# Let plot the voltage across the diode and the dynamic resistance as a function of the frequency.
figure, (ax1, ax2, ax3) = plt.subplots(ncols=3, figsize=(20, 10))
# Fixme: handle unit in plot (scale and legend)
ax1.semilogx(analysis.frequency, np.absolute(analysis.out)*1e3)
ax1.grid(True)
ax1.grid(True, which='minor')
ax1.set_xlabel("Frequency [Hz]")
ax1.set_ylabel("Vd [mV]")
current = (analysis['in'] - analysis.out) / float(R.resistance)
ax2.semilogx(analysis.frequency, np.absolute(analysis.out/current))
ax2.grid(True)
ax2.grid(True, which='minor')
ax2.set_xlabel("Frequency [Hz]")
ax2.set_ylabel('Rd [Ω]')
####################################################################################################
#r# We will now drive the diode with a pulse generator and perform a transient analysis.
#f# circuit_macros('diode-characteristic-curve-circuit-pulse.m4')
frequency = 1@u_MHz
circuit = Circuit('Diode')
circuit.include(spice_library['BAV21'])
# source = circuit.SinusoidalVoltageSource('input', 'in', circuit.gnd,
# dc_offset=dc_offset, offset=dc_offset,
# amplitude=ac_amplitude,
# frequency=frequency)
source = circuit.PulseVoltageSource('input', 'in', circuit.gnd,
initial_value=dc_offset-ac_amplitude, pulsed_value=dc_offset+ac_amplitude,
pulse_width=frequency.period/2, period=frequency.period)
circuit.R(1, 'in', 'out', 1@u_kΩ)
circuit.D('1', 'out', circuit.gnd, model='BAV21')
simulator = circuit.simulator(temperature=25, nominal_temperature=25)
analysis = simulator.transient(step_time=source.period/1e3, end_time=source.period*4)
# Fixme: axis, x scale
# plot(analysis['in'] - dc_offset + quiescent_points[0]['quiescent_voltage'])
# plot(analysis.out)
ax3.plot(analysis.out.abscissa*1e6, analysis.out)
ax3.legend(('Vin [V]', 'Vout [V]'), loc=(.8,.8))
ax3.grid()
ax3.set_xlabel('t [μs]')
ax3.set_ylabel('[V]')
# ax3.set_ylim(.5, 1 + ac_amplitude + .1)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
#f# save_figure('figure', 'diode-recovery-time.png')
#r# We notice the output of the circuit cannot follow the pulse generator. It is due to the
#r# capacitive behaviour of a PN junction that cut off the highest frequencies of the pulse. The
#r# plot of the dynamic resistance as a function of the frequency show a typical low pass filter
#r# behaviour where the impedance drop at high frequencies.
This example illustrates the diode recovery time and the capacitive behaviour of a PN junction.
# Fixme: Split the plots ? Add some explanations at the end
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import PySpice.Logging.Logging as Logging
logger = Logging.setup_logging()
from PySpice.Doc.ExampleTools import find_libraries
from PySpice.Probe.Plot import plot
from PySpice.Spice.Library import SpiceLibrary
from PySpice.Spice.Netlist import Circuit
from PySpice.Unit import *
libraries_path = find_libraries()
spice_library = SpiceLibrary(libraries_path)
Let define some parameters
dc_offset = 1@u_V
ac_amplitude = 100@u_mV
We will first compute some quiescent points and the corresponding dynamic resistance.
Since this circuit is equivalent to a voltage divider, we can write the following relation :
\[V_{out} = \frac{Z_d}{R_1 + Z_d} V_{in}\]
where \(Z_d\) is the diode impedance.
circuit = Circuit('Diode')
circuit.include(spice_library['BAV21'])
# Fixme: Xyce: Device model BAV21: Illegal parameter(s) given for level 1 diode: IKF
source = circuit.V('input', 'in', circuit.gnd, dc_offset)
circuit.R(1, 'in', 'out', 1@u_kΩ)
circuit.D('1', 'out', circuit.gnd, model='BAV21')
quiescent_points = []
for voltage in (dc_offset - ac_amplitude, dc_offset, dc_offset + ac_amplitude):
source.dc_value = voltage
simulator = circuit.simulator(temperature=25, nominal_temperature=25)
analysis = simulator.operating_point()
# Fixme: handle unit
quiescent_voltage = float(analysis.out)
quiescent_current = - float(analysis.Vinput)
quiescent_points.append(dict(voltage=voltage,
quiescent_voltage=quiescent_voltage,
quiescent_current=quiescent_current))
print("Quiescent Point {:.1f} mV {:.1f} mA".format(quiescent_voltage*1e3, quiescent_current*1e3))
Quiescent Point 561.1 mV 0.3 mA
Quiescent Point 575.0 mV 0.4 mA
Quiescent Point 586.6 mV 0.5 mA
dynamic_resistance = ((quiescent_points[ 0]['quiescent_voltage'] -
quiescent_points[-1]['quiescent_voltage'])
/
(quiescent_points[ 0]['quiescent_current'] -
quiescent_points[-1]['quiescent_current']))
We found a dynamic resistance of 146.6 Ω.
We will now drive the diode with a sinusoidal source and perform an AC analysis.
circuit = Circuit('Diode')
circuit.include(spice_library['BAV21'])
circuit.SinusoidalVoltageSource('input', 'in', circuit.gnd,
dc_offset=dc_offset, offset=dc_offset,
amplitude=ac_amplitude)
R = circuit.R(1, 'in', 'out', 1@u_kΩ)
circuit.D('1', 'out', circuit.gnd, model='BAV21')
simulator = circuit.simulator(temperature=25, nominal_temperature=25)
analysis = simulator.ac(start_frequency=10@u_kHz, stop_frequency=1@u_GHz, number_of_points=10, variation='dec')
Let plot the voltage across the diode and the dynamic resistance as a function of the frequency.
figure, (ax1, ax2, ax3) = plt.subplots(ncols=3, figsize=(20, 10))
# Fixme: handle unit in plot (scale and legend)
ax1.semilogx(analysis.frequency, np.absolute(analysis.out)*1e3)
ax1.grid(True)
ax1.grid(True, which='minor')
ax1.set_xlabel("Frequency [Hz]")
ax1.set_ylabel("Vd [mV]")
current = (analysis['in'] - analysis.out) / float(R.resistance)
ax2.semilogx(analysis.frequency, np.absolute(analysis.out/current))
ax2.grid(True)
ax2.grid(True, which='minor')
ax2.set_xlabel("Frequency [Hz]")
ax2.set_ylabel('Rd [Ω]')
We will now drive the diode with a pulse generator and perform a transient analysis.
frequency = 1@u_MHz
circuit = Circuit('Diode')
circuit.include(spice_library['BAV21'])
# source = circuit.SinusoidalVoltageSource('input', 'in', circuit.gnd,
# dc_offset=dc_offset, offset=dc_offset,
# amplitude=ac_amplitude,
# frequency=frequency)
source = circuit.PulseVoltageSource('input', 'in', circuit.gnd,
initial_value=dc_offset-ac_amplitude, pulsed_value=dc_offset+ac_amplitude,
pulse_width=frequency.period/2, period=frequency.period)
circuit.R(1, 'in', 'out', 1@u_kΩ)
circuit.D('1', 'out', circuit.gnd, model='BAV21')
simulator = circuit.simulator(temperature=25, nominal_temperature=25)
analysis = simulator.transient(step_time=source.period/1e3, end_time=source.period*4)
# Fixme: axis, x scale
# plot(analysis['in'] - dc_offset + quiescent_points[0]['quiescent_voltage'])
# plot(analysis.out)
ax3.plot(analysis.out.abscissa*1e6, analysis.out)
ax3.legend(('Vin [V]', 'Vout [V]'), loc=(.8,.8))
ax3.grid()
ax3.set_xlabel('t [μs]')
ax3.set_ylabel('[V]')
# ax3.set_ylim(.5, 1 + ac_amplitude + .1)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
We notice the output of the circuit cannot follow the pulse generator. It is due to the capacitive behaviour of a PN junction that cut off the highest frequencies of the pulse. The plot of the dynamic resistance as a function of the frequency show a typical low pass filter behaviour where the impedance drop at high frequencies.